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The situation of human rights in Pakistan is complex as a result of the country's diversity, large population, its status as a developing country and a sovereign, Islamic republic as well as an Islamic democracy with a mixture of both Islamic and secular laws. The Constitution of Pakistan provides for fundamental rights, which include freedom of speech, freedom of thought, freedom of information, freedom of religion, freedom of association, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and the (conditional) right to bear arms. The Clauses also provide for an independent Supreme Court, separation of executive and judiciary, an independent judiciary, independent Human Rights commission and freedom of movement within the country and abroad. However it is debatable how much these clauses are respected in practice. The founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a moderate secular state blended with some Islamic values and principles. However Pakistan has changed its constitution several times in its relatively short history, each time moving further away from moderate Islam to extremist Islam. Although the Constitution includes adequate accommodation for Pakistan’s religious minorities, in practice non-Sunni Muslims face religious discrimination in both the public and private spheres (for example - non Muslims cannot hold any of the top positions in the country's government and non-Muslims have restrictions placed on which candidates they may cast their vote for). In response to rising sectarian and religious violence, the Pakistani government has unveiled several high profile efforts to reduce tension and support religious pluralism, giving new authority to the National Commission for Minorities and creating a Minister for Minority Affairs post. Nonetheless, religious violence is still common throughout Pakistan. Ahmadis, Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, and Zoroastrians, face violence, intimidation, as well as periodic charges of blasphemy, which carries a death penalty. Other than the above religious minorities attacks against Shia Muslims, who make up 20% of Pakistani Muslims, have also become commonplace.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Timeline: Persecution of religious minorities )〕〔 Although Pakistan was created to uphold the principles of democracy, Military coups in Pakistan are commonplace, and for most of its history after independence has been ruled by military dictators who declare themselves president. The Pakistani general election, 2013 were the first elections in the country where there was a constitutional transfer of power from one civilian government to another.〔 Elections in Pakistan although being partially free, are rife with irregularities including but not limited to vote rigging, use of threats and coercion, discrimination between Muslim and non-Muslim and many other violations.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pakistan: Election Commission Not Impartial - Human Rights Watch )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=May 11 elections: A year after polls, tribunals wade through complaints )〕 Additionally the Government of Pakistan has itself admitted on several occasions that it has absolutely no control over the Military of Pakistan and related security agencies.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Getting the Military Out of Pakistani Politics )〕 In 2010, Foreign Policy ranked Pakistan as number ten on its Failed States Index,in which Pakistan consistently figures near the top, placing it in the "critical" category with such other failed or failing states as Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Somalia.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The 2012 Failed States Index – Interactive Map and Rankings )〕 Domestic violence in Pakistan is an endemic social problem. According to a study carried out in 2009 by Human Rights Watch, it is estimated that between 70 and 90 percent of women and girls in Pakistan have suffered some form of abuse.〔Cited in: 〕 An estimated 5000 women are killed per year from domestic violence, with thousands of others maimed or disabled.〔 The majority of victims of violence have no legal recourse. Law enforcement authorities do not view domestic violence as a crime and usually refuse to register any cases brought to them. Given the very few women's shelters in the country, victims have limited ability to escape from violent situations. In general Freedom of the press is allowed but any reports critical of the government policy or critical of the military is censored. Journalists face widespread threats and violence making Pakistan one of the worst countries to be a journalist in, with 61 being killed since September 2001 and at least 6 murdered in 2013 alone.〔〔 Tv stations and news papers are routinely shut down for publishing any reports critical of the government or the military.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Media freedom in Pakistan: Assailed from all sides - The Economist )〕 In May 2012, President Asif Ali Zardari signed the National Commission for Human Rights Bill 2012 for the promotion of the protection of human rights in the country.〔(President Zardari signs bill to establish human rights commission ), The News International, May 31, 2012〕 However, it remains to be seen if any positive effects will be derived from this. ==Political Freedom in Pakistan== Although Pakistan was created to uphold the principles of democracy, its history is rife with Military coups in Pakistan, and for most of its history after independence has been ruled by military dictators who declare themselves president. The Pakistani general election, 2013 were the first elections in the country where there was a constitutional transfer of power from one civilian government to another. The elections were marred by terrorist attacks that killed hundreds and wounded more than 500 and widespread rigging of polls, the highest in the country's recorded history.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=NA 154 voters verification: Termite infestation ruins most ballots - Pakistan - Dunya News )〕 Religious minorities were prevented from voting for Muslim candidates after Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization and non-Muslims are restricted in the posts they may contest for, with several of the higher posts being unavailable to them. Although some of these laws were later repealed, religious minorities still continue to face several restrictions in politics.〔 Although slow but steady progress has been made towards return to democracy in the last decade, many Pakistanis and foreign observers see the military still firmly entrenched in politics with the government playing second fiddle to the military. The government is widely seen as having no control over the armed forces and the Inter-Services Intelligence〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Foreign Policy Centre: Articles and Briefings / Pakistan's government plays second fiddle to the army )〕 Most of Pakistan's laws are secular in nature, some of which were inherited from the United Kingdom's colonial rule of modern-day Pakistan before 1947. However in practice, harsh Sharia Law takes precedence over Pakistani law. What are considered Basic human rights and even minor misdemeanors in most of the civilized world, carry a death penalty in Pakistan. The constitution of Pakistan has been changed several times in its short history, with Islamization being the driving factor. Although the government has enacted a few measures to counter any problems, abuses remain. Furthermore, courts suffer from lack of funds, outside intervention, and deep case backlogs that lead to long trial delays and lengthy pretrial detentions. Many observers inside and outside Pakistan contend that Pakistan’s legal code is largely concerned with crime, national security, and domestic tranquility and less with the protection of individual rights. In 2010, Foreign Policy ranked Pakistan as number ten on its Failed States Index, placing it in the "critical" category with such other failed or failing states as Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Somalia.〔 Pakistan consistently figures near the top of the list of failed states year after year〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human rights in Pakistan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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